The methods to approach urban issues are many, and they can be classified in top-down and bottom-up. After years of unsuccessful strict top-down planning in cities, theories that privilege an equal balance between top-down and bottom-up have been expanded and applied in the urban planning process. Placemaking and tactical urbanism are two bottom-up working approaches to transform our environment in more inclusive and sustainable: they allow local actors to test new values before making substantial political and financial commitments. Co-creation and sustainability are two of the principles of placemaking and tactical urbanism as they require participation and engagement between different stakeholders, with a particular focus on the local community, and the use of low-cost materials to test the feasibility of interventions in a short time frame.
